We report a three-terminal, ion-gel-gated, redox-active molecular transistor that exhibits synaptic plasticity and analog conductance states. The device was composed of a ferrocene-terminated alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayer as the active channel, vertically sandwiched between a monolayer graphene source and a Au drain, and the channel conductance was modulated by an ion-gel gate. Gate voltage pulses induce an electric double layer at the ion​-​ ​gel/graphene interface, triggering dynamic postsynaptic-like current responses. Our device exhibited neuroinspired plasticity, including short-term plasticity like paired-pulse facilitation and a programmable transition to long-term plasticity upon repeated stimulation. The ferrocene redox moiety was identified as the key enabler of nonvolatile switching behavior, mediating a dynamic, voltage-programmable conductance change via a synergistic mechanism of reversible redox and ion trapping. In contrast, alkanethiolate control devices without a ferrocene moiety exhibited only volatile, transient responses. We achieved multilevel conductance states with synaptic update characteristics depending on gate pulses, a crucial attribute for the learning process. As a proof of concept, a neural network simulated with our molecular synaptic transistor achieved ∼88% accuracy in MNIST pattern recognition, even after a single training epoch. These results establish vertical molecular transistor systems as promising building blocks for molecular-level neuromorphic hardware, with a three-terminal, read/write-decoupled architecture that exhibits synaptic behavior and helps overcome read-disturb of two-terminal memristive schemes.

Authors: Jongwoo Nam∥, Minwoo Song∥, Hyemin Lee∥, Changjun Lee, Donguk Kim, Gunuk Wang, Keehoon Kang*, and Takhee Lee* (∥Equally first authors, *co-corresponding authors)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c17016

Published online: December19, 2025